Police Corruption And The New Orleans Police Department

Police Corruption in NOLA Growing up our parent always told us that police officers were the good guys, and the people that committed crimes were the bad guys. There was a time in our lives that we believed that this was true, police are good, and criminals are bad, simple as that. Police officers played a prominent role in our lives growing up, some were looked at as role models, guidance counselors, but most of all they were our friends. However, at what point did that connection dissipate between police officers and the community? This disconnection was most prominently exemplified in the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD), where officer corruption, murder, and lawlessness was ramped within the department. Corruption had become a culture, a way of life for some officers in New Orleans, where supervisors dismissed allegations. Could the use of Rotten Apple mechanism help reduce the corruption in the NOPD? Comparatively, could the application of the Rotten Barrel models provide pr otection from police misconduct during an investigation? Culture of Corruption New Orleans has been a city where millions of tourist go and experience a variety of cultures. Many tourist find that the city’s gentle, slow, and easy-going way of life is intoxicating and continue to return year after year. Thus New Orleans has been dubbed with the iconic nickname â€Å"The Big Easy†. However, behind the veil, New Orleans police officers have been committing countless felonies and has been described asShow MoreRelatedCorruption Of The New Orleans Police Department904 Words   |  4 Pagescorruption in the New Orleans Police Department Although police officers take an oath to protect and serve citizens in our society. we have some officers that our corrupt and willing do anything just to protect themselves from being exposed from their unethical behavior. In 1994 three officers from New Orleans police department committed an unspeakable crime murder for hire and a violent drug gang. The killing of Kim grove was thirty-two years old and was gunned down by police officer that wereRead MoreHurricane Katrina And The New Orleans Police Department1412 Words   |  6 Pagesthe local police, the New Orleans Police Department (NOPD), did not do its job. A great number of people disagree with how the NOPD participated in the relief efforts and are criticized for not being ready to handle a disaster of this magnitude. The city that was affected the most by Hurricane Katrina was New Orleans, Louisiana. Governor Blanco called for state emergency in Louisiana on August 26, 2005. Then on August 29th, Mayor Nagin issued a mandatory evacuation of the City of New Orleans. The peopleRead MoreNew Orleans Police Department – Recent Challenges. Problem1173 Words   |  5 Pages New Orleans Police Department – Recent Challenges Problem Statement Even before the disaster brought on by Hurricane Katrina, the New Orleans Police Department had serious organizational and reporting issues. According to the United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division (2011), several patterns were clearly discoverable in the organization, including the excessive use of force, under-reporting of internal issues, discriminatory policing, and the number of misconduct complaints wereRead MoreOrganizational Theory671 Words   |  3 PagesSouthern University at New Orleans Abstract I will discuss the basis of an organizational theory as it applies to the criminal justice system. I am discussing and giving a clear understanding of the criminal justice system as an organization of a bureaucratic management system with hierarchies and processes of inputs, processes, and outputs within one aspect of the criminal justice system i.e. police, within one city. I will also discuss how New Orleans Police Department was created throughoutRead MorePolice Misconduct On The Street Still Continue Throughout The Community865 Words   |  4 Pagesmany of reasons why it is difficult for the police to have interaction with the citizens of the community. One reason the community do not trust the police is because of racial profiling. Racial profiling has been going on for years and now the community is getting tired of it. An example of racial profiling is a group of black teenagers being pulled over because of the kind of car they are driving. Along with this act and many of ot her police corruption acts has caused the community to question themselvesRead MorePolice Corruption: Time to Get Rid of Crooked Cops Essay1653 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Police throughout the United States have been caught fabricating, planting, and manipulating evidence to obtain convictions where cases would otherwise be very weak. Some authorities regard police perjury as so rampant that it can be considered a subcultural norm rather than an individual aberration of police officers. Large-scale investigations of police units in almost every major American city have documented massive evidence of tampering, abuse of the arresting power, and discriminatory enforcementRead MoreThe Three Views of Conflict: How Criminal Justice Agencies Function in the Midst of Conflict1115 Words   |  5 Pagesshould be avoided. When there is poor communication in a group or a lack of openness, the end result is conflict among the members of the group. For example, a new officer is transferred from a patrol into the tactical unit, as the patrol finger print technician. Another officer that’s in the same squad takes an immediate dislike to the new officer. She sabotages the officer’s work and constantly startS arguments with her and other officers in the unit. This conflict is counterproductive, becauseRead MoreCrime And Its Effects On The Economy1244 Words   |  5 Pagesincreasingly hard to break the cycle of crime throughout the following generations. The media has also contributed to the glorification of crime and violent behavior. While some blame high crime rates on the economy, others blame it on ineffective and lazy police officers and lack of government support in low income communities. Jails and prisons are starting to become full at an alarming rate and cities are turning into war zones instead of safe places where people can raise a family and get a decent educationRead More Police and Gratuities: The Sli ppery Slope Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagesfor a police officer? What is acceptable and what is not acceptable? If a police officer takes a free cup of coffee or a half priced meal does that make him vulnerable to take more. Does that act make the officer a bad officer or a corrupt officer? Does the person giving the gratuity expect something in return or is it just a gesture for the work the officer is doing? Almost every police department has a policy on the acceptance of gifts and gratuities for the officers and the department. SomeRead MoreEssay on Police Brutality and Corruption681 Words   |  3 PagesPolice Brutality and Corruption Corruption in policing is viewed as the misuse of authority by a police officer acting officially to fulfill his/her personal needs or wants. There are two distinct elements of corruption; 1) misuse of authority, 2) personal attainment. The occupational subculture of policing is a major factor in both creating police corruption, by initiating officers into corrupt activities, and sustaining it, by covering up corrupt activities by other officers. Police corruption

Protect the Organizations Information from Cyber Threats and Related Essay

Essays on Protect the Organization's Information from Cyber Threats and Related Warfare Essay The paper "Protect the Organization's Information from Cyber Threats and Related Warfare" is a great example of an essay on information technology. With the increasing use of modern information technology, it becomes increasingly important that appropriate measures be taken by organizations to protect their information from cyber threats and related warfare. Managers of businesses are therefore becoming increasingly conscious about the sensitivity of this issue, and are employing various measures to ensure privacy and protection (Steer et al, 2010). Due to the fact that the world is turning into a global village, the managers should keep in mind the fact that additional measures should be taken to ensure the security of a company’s information if the information has been outsourced to third parties for processing. In order to ensure the effectiveness of measures taken to protect sensitive information, it is essential that a detailed risk analysis is conducted on frequent intervals to identify the nature and existence of risks that arise with the passage of time (Campana, 2008). Since new threats arise continuously, the managers should be extremely vigilant in this regard and continuous monitoring should be carried out to detect the risks. Additionally, they should continuously update their knowledge regarding the detection and management of the risks that arise in the world of information technology. The basic notion that underlies the measurement of success of risk analysis is the comparison of performance to the already established objectives. The risk analysis can be regarded as being successful if the performance of the system shows the required improvement (Bonham, 2008). Contrary to this, if the performance fails to correspond to the pre-defined objectives, risk analysis may be regarded as being faulty or unsuccessful.

Women’s roles in the US Free Essays

The varieties about women’s roles were constructed In ways that have been altered or erased for social and political purposes. The roles of black women were undermined during slavery and Hawaiian women’s roles were taken away after colonialism. Women’s roles should be recognized because it makes a significant contribution to decentralization and resistance. We will write a custom essay sample on Women’s roles in the US or any similar topic only for you Order Now The erasure of women’s roles have been constructed In favor of white supremacists and colonists, thus, keeping knowledge about women’s roles away from the public view. This week’s readings reflect the counter-forces that fight against this trend. The two examples discussed In this paper will help demonstrate how the recognition of women’s roles make significant contributions to decentralization and resistance. Black women’s role during slavery was undermined In the Monomania Report. Angela Davis critiques the history of slavery aspect of the Monomania report because it fails to recognize the significance of black women’s role in slavery claiming that matriarchy comes from the legacy of slavery. Davis challenges this Idea by arguing that matriarchy did not come from slavery since matriarchy Implies power, which enslaved black women did not have. Davis indicates that although black women did not have power of the law/state, they created their own modes of power. She also indicates the reason why black women played a significant role during slavery is because they made resistance possible for others in the African American enslaved communities. Since women had the double burden of working in the fields and doing domestic work, they became the maintainers of the slave headquarters. This allowed women to recognize how much the master depended on them, giving women the consciousness of resistance. This is an example of how knowledge Is distorted In he Monomania report since It falls to address the truth about women’s roles In slavery and falsely concludes that black families are unstable because they are matrilineal. Recognizing black women’s roles during slavery is imperative to eradicate the myth that black families are unstable because they are matrilineal and how they made resistance possible for others. Another example of the recognition of women’s roles is the inclusion of indigenous feminism. Lisa Keelhauled Hall indicates the importance of recognizing the erasure of indigently, specifically Hawaiian women in the united States as a result of colonialism. She critiques the conceptual erasure of U. S. Imperialism In the Pacific. The erasure of Hawaii in contemporary understandings of the united States, and the racial erasure of indigenous peoples. She argues indigenous feminism should counter these erasures â€Å"because colonization relies on forced forgetting and erasure, the need to bring the past forward Into our consciousness† Is Important for decentralization (Hall, 279). Although Hawaiian women’s roles were unrecognized, Hall contends that Hawaiian women held significant power until the colonists stripped political power and voting rights from them. Additionally, Hawaiian women were aced with the imposition of Christianity, monogamy, and heterosexual marriage. Indigenous feminism Is Important to the process of decentralization for Hawaiian women and other indigenous women because it â€Å"grapples with the ways patriarchal 1 OFF analyzing the sexual and gendered nature of the process of colonization† (Hall, 278). Although women’s roles were constructed in ways that were altered or erased, which favored white supremacists and colonists, Hall and Davis produced scholarly works that enabled people to recognize that women’s roles made a significant contribution to the process of decentralization and resistance. How to cite Women’s roles in the US, Papers

The Death of Woman Wang free essay sample

Chinese religion and its social utility The documentary, â€Å"The Principle and Practice of Zen,† gives you the basics of Zen Buddhism. Eastman’s article, â€Å"Gods, Ghosts, and Ancestors: The Popular Religion,† (see in attachment) sums up the basic characteristics of Chinese popular religion, its practice, its clergy, as well as its social utility. Using lecture notes as a guide, your paper should sum up the essence of Buddhism and Chinese popular religion as Eastman depicted it, and use examples from Spence’s book, such as magistrate’s way to dissuade people from suicide, and his pray to the city god, to illustrate your point of view. You do not need any other sources, other than Eastman’s article, the Zen film, and Spence’s book. The Death of Woman Wang is an insightful look into the culture and civilization of 17th Century China, specifically, the region of T’an-ch’eng. The role of a woman in China has historically been one of repression. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death of Woman Wang or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While women are not seen as equals in T’an-ch’eng society, they held a place of esteem as long as they adhered to the strict moral code of the day. Social codes governed the actions of women and men along with the teaching of Confucius. The laws of the land and fear of shame in society dictated that men were allowed to rule over their household as the Emperor ruled over his subjects. In the stories of P’u, women are portrayed as complex characters who hold important roles in the family with almost mystical powers of will, However, they cannot rise above the feudal power given to husbands in the 17th Century. Jonathon Spence, in the Death of Woman Wang, tells the story of P’u and how he came to record the history of 17th Century culture in community of T’an-ch’eng through his own interpretations of stories and events. P’u also contributed original works during this time period on the role of men and women. P’u reflects heavily in the beginning of the book on the economic and social conditions that plagued T’an-ch’eng during the 17th Century. Physical and moral disasters plagued the T’an-ch’eng and P’u reflected that they lived in a â€Å"world that seemed to be disintegrating before their eyes†. Earthquakes and drought brought disaster to the people and created a condition of unrest and anger.

World War I Analysis Essay Example For Students

World War I Analysis Essay During World War One, the role of airplanes and how theywere used changed greatly. At first planes were only usedfor sport, but people started realize that not only couldairplanes be useful but they could even influence an outcomeof the war greatly. Soon the war was filled with blimps,planes, and tethered balloons. By the end of the war, planesbecame a symbol of fear, but they were not always treatedwith such respect. In the time leading up to the war, thegeneral feeling about planes was, they were a sneaky, unfairtactic that should not be used in warfare. During The 1899Hague Peace Conference it was put on record that thedropping or shooting of any projectiles or explosives fromthe air during a time of war was forbidden and wasconsidered a crime of war. It was also decided that airplanescould only be used for reconnaissance or spying missions. We will write a custom essay on World War I Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now (Villard-227) The airplane may be all very well for sport,but for the army it is useless (Quoted in Villard-227) Evenby the beginning of the war in 1912, the use of planes in warwas still prohibited by the War Office. Shortly thereafter thischanged, people awakened to the possibilities of air warfare. The world soon started to realize the effectiveness of planesin war and how the control of the skies could influence theoutcome. Although the French were the first to have aworking, conscripting air force and to license fliers, their trustin airplanes still was not up to par. Their lack of trust wasjustified, for the planes had no armaments, too many wires,and no reliable motor. (Villard-228) Soon all countries in thewar effort had their own little air force, built hangers, andstarted to train pilots. The first bombing occurred inNovember 1911. Although the first bomb was dropped bythe Italians, soon all countries were involved in bombingraids. (Villard-229) It was followed by the first aerialdogfight in 1912. This consisted of a primitive exchange ofpistol fire between British and German planes . (Harvey-95)The first flying experience for the United States occurred in1862, during the Civil War. General McClellan went intobattle against the South with a balloon corps floated byhydrog en and pulled by four horses. (Saga-51) Literaryfiction started to breed ideas about the use of planes inwarfare. The most famous writer to explore the idea wasH.G. Wells. He wrote The War In The Air, a book aboutthe future in which battle is conducted with planes. (Wohl-70). In Germany, literary fiction preceded the actualdevelopment of warfare in the air. Rudolph Martin was awriter who predicted that the Germans future was not onthe sea, but in the air. He also believed that furtherdevelopment in aviation would kill the importance of distanceand help to lead toward the German unification of the world. (Wohl-81) Martins novel helped to prepare the Germansfor their use of planes in the war. The fiction soon becamescientific fact. (Wohl-71) The United States, ultimately wasslower than France and Germany to develop an air force. On March 3, 1911, Congress appropriated $125,000 tostart an air force, which consisted of five planes. The firstsquadron was organized by the Americans on March 5,1913, in Texas City. It consisted of nine planes. Althoughthe United States entered the war in 1917, it did not useplanes in the war at that time. (Villard-231) U.S. pilots hadlittle or no experience in cross-country navigation. Theydid not have good maps and sometimes they became lost,ran out of fuel and would have to land behind enemy lines. .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .postImageUrl , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:hover , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:visited , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:active { border:0!important; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:active , .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u64002c1323aba8fba101cafb691b33be:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Healthier being a meat-eater or a vegetarian Essay(Villard-233) As the Americans advanced in the use ofplanes in warfare, so did the Germans. Initially, the Germansmade no effort to hide their skepticism about the use ofplanes in warfare. In the beginning of the war, manyGermans raised in newspaper articles and on governmentcommittees the possibilities of warfare in the air, but thecountry as a whole was not quick to initiate the effort. (Wohl-70) This quickly changed, however, because thedevelopment of airplanes during the war was mostly creditedto the Germans. The Germans came out with advances inplanes that outdid anything that France had to offer. Eventhough France had the largest air force in the world, theysoon became second-best. No matter how hard the othercountries tried, the Germans were always one step ahead inairplane advances. These advances were so great that eventhough the Germans were outnumbered eight to one, theystill came out on top. For instance, the mounting of amachine gun behind the propellers seemed like suicide, butthe Germans came up with the idea of a timed switch thatwould allow the gun to fire in-between rotations. This madeit easier to aim and fly at the same time. Roland Garros, anallied flier, who mounted a gun in the cockpit and putprotective plates on his propellers was trying to match theGerman timed device, but it was a faulty, unsafe rip-off . (Harvey-95) Another advancement used by the Germanswas the introduction of luminous paint so that pilot would notfly into each other or shoot each other during night raids. (Duke-130) The allied countries tried many times toduplicate this and many other German inventions, but failedeach time. The Germans started putting up hangers anddomes around its boarders. They introduced more andmore types of planes. As the war went on, Germanyintroduced the BI-planes and Tri-planes which made the useof one winged planes obsolete. The more wings, the moremobility, stability, and speed the plane had. The mobilitymade it easier to evade gun fire or to maneuver better indogfights. The stability made these new planes handle betterin turbulence, and in reconnaissance missions the speed wasmost important for escaping the enemy. These new Germanplanes dominated the skies and made lumber of the alliesflaming coffins (old mono-planes) The BI-plane wasconsidered to be the best all-around plane. It was thefavorite of the German Flying Ace, Manfred von Richthofen,better known as the Red Baron The Red Baron was thebest pilot in the war, and was credited with shooting down80 all ied planes. He was equally respected by both sides,and when he was shot down, his enemies held a service forhim to show how much respect they had. This show ofchivalry was not uncommon, for in the beginning of the war,it was tradition to throw down a wreath if an enemy planewas shot down, to show respect and honor. However whenbombing was introduced, the feeling about planes turnedfrom noble flying knights into fear, death from above. Theevolution of aircraft during World War One was profoundand unmatched by any other advancements in any other fieldat the time. From Reconnaissance to bombing, the use ofairplanes in the war became a necessity and by the end ofthe war airplanes and pilots had earned the respect theydeserved. Todays warfare relies heavily on the use ofaircraft, not only for destruction and transportation of troopsand supplies, but also for its initial use of reconnaissance. History

Modern English - Linguistic Definition

Modern English - Linguistic Definition Definition Modern English is conventionally defined as the English language since about 1450 or 1500. Distinctions are commonly drawn between the Early Modern Period (roughly 1450-1800) and Late Modern English (1800 to the present). The most recent stage in the evolution of the language is commonly called Present-Day English (PDE). However, as  Diane Davies notes, some linguists argue for a further stage in the language, beginning around 1945 and called World English, reflecting the globalisation of English as an international lingua franca (2005). See Examples and Observations below. Also see: The Earliest English DictionariesEnglish LanguageThe English Manner of Discourse, by Thomas SpratGlobal EnglishHistory of the English Language: A Mini-AnthologyKey Events in the History of the English LanguageMiddle EnglishNotes on English as a Global LanguageOld EnglishSpoken EnglishWorld English Written English Examples and Observations Old English (used until the 12th century) is so different from Modern English that it has to be approached as we would a foreign language. Middle English (used until the 15th century) is very much more familiar to modern eyes and ears, but we still feel that a considerable linguistic difference separates us from those who wrote in itChaucer and his contemporaries.During the 15th century, a huge amount of change affected English pronunciation, spelling, grammar, and vocabulary, so that Shakespeare would have found Chaucer almost as difficult to read as we do. But between Jacobethan times and today the changes have been very limited. Although we must not underestimate the problems posed by such words as buff jerkin, finical, and thou, we must not exaggerate them either. Most of early Modern English is the same as Modern English.(David Crystal,  Think on My Words: Exploring Shakespeares Language. Cambridge University Press, 2008)   Standardization of EnglishThe early part of the mo dern English period saw the establishment of the standard written language that we know today. Its standardization was due first to the need of the central government for regular procedures by which to conduct its business, to keep its records, and to communicate with the citizens of the land. Standard languages are often the by-products of bureaucracy . . . rather than spontaneous developments of the populace or the artifice of writers and scholars. John H. Fisher [1977, 1979] has argued that standard English was first the language of the Court of Chancery, founded in the 15th century to give prompt justice to English citizens and to consolidate the Kings influence in the nation. It was then taken up by the early printers, who adapted it for other purposes and spread it wherever their books were read, until finally it fell into the hands of school teachers, dictionary makers, and grammarians. . . .Inflectional and syntactical developments in this early Modern English are important, if somewhat less spectacular than the phonological ones. They continue the trend established during Middle English times that changed our grammar from a synthetic to an analytic system.(John Algeo and Carmen Acevdeo Butcher , The Origins and Development of the English Language, 7th ed. Harcourt, 2014) The printing press, the reading habit, and all forms of communication are favorable to the spread of ideas and stimulating to the growth of the vocabulary, while these same agencies, together with social consciousness . . ., work actively toward the promotion and maintenance of a standard, especially in grammar and usage.(Albert C. Baugh and Thomas Cable, A History of the English Language. Prentice-Hall, 1978) The Normative TraditionFrom its very early days, the Royal Society concerned itself with matters of language, setting up a committee in 1664 whose principal aim was to encourage the members of the Royal Society to use appropriate and correct language. This committee, however, was not to meet more than a couple of times. Subsequently, writers such as John Dryden, Daniel Defoe, and Joseph Addison, as well as Thomas Sheridans godfather, Jonathan Swift, were each in turn to call for an English Academy to concern itself with languageand in particular to constrain what they perceived as the irregularities of usage.(Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade, English at the Onset of the Normative Tradition. The Oxford History of English, ed. by Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford University. Press, 2006) Syntactic and Morphological Changes by 1776By 1776 the English language had already undergone most of the syntactic changes which differentiate Present-Day English (henceforth PDE) from Old English (henceforth OE) . . .. Older patterns of word order with the verb at the clause end or in second constituent position had long been replaced by an unmarked order framed by the sequence subject-verb-object or subject-verb-complement. A subject noun phrase was virtually obligatory in simple clauses other than imperatives. Great simplifications had taken place in morphology, so that the noun and adjective had already reached their present, vestigial inflectional systems, and the verb nearly so. The number and frequency of prepositions had expanded greatly, and prepositions now served to mark a variety of nominal functions. Prepositions, particles and other words frequently joined simple lexical verbs to form group verbs like speak to, make up, take notice of. Such formations as the prepositi onal and indirect passives had become commonplace. The complexity of the English auxiliary system had grown to encompass a wide range of mood and aspect marking, and much of its present systemic structure was already in place, including the dummy auxiliary do. Some patterns involving finite and nonfinite subordinate clauses had been rare or impossible in OE; by 1776 most of the present repertoire was available.However, the English of 1776 was linguistically by no means the same as that of the present day.(David Denison, Syntax. The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume 4, ed. by Suzanne Romaine. Cambridge University Press, 1998) Global EnglishAs for the view of English beyond Britain, the tentative optimism of the 18th century gave way to a new view of global English, an outlook in which confidence turned into triumphalism. A turning point in this emergent idea occurred in January 1851 when the great philologist Jacob Grimm declared to the Royal Academy in Berlin that English may be called justly a language of the world: and seems, like the English nation, to be destined to reign in future with still more extensive sway over all parts of the globe. . . . Dozens of comments expressed this wisdom: The English tongue has become a rank polyglot, and is spreading over the earth like some hardy plant whose seed is sown by the wind, as Ralcy Husted Bell wrote in 1909. Such views led to a new perspective on multilingualism: those who did not know English should set promptly about learning it!(Richard W. Bailey, English Among the Languages. The Oxford History of English, ed. by Lynda Mugglestone. Oxford University P ress, 2006)

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF ADOPTING A GERMAN SOFTWARE FRANCHISE IN Dissertation

EVALUATING THE IMPACT OF ADOPTING A GERMAN SOFTWARE FRANCHISE IN BULGARIA A case study of ALLSAT - Dissertation Example CHAPTER III - RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Philosophy Research philosophy is the conviction concerning the approach to collect, analyse and use data for a particular subject of concern (H. J. Rubin and I. S. Rubin, 2012; Abbott, 2010; Blaxter, Hughe and Tight, 2006). There are two major research philosophies namely positivism and interpretivism. Positivism philosophy is regarded as the philosophy of research preferring scientific methods of research. On the other hand interpretivism is considered as anti-positivism and hence they do not believe in scientific research. According to Tobin and Joseph (2006) and Mukherji and Albon, 2009; Ashwin, 2011) the researchers believing in the philosophy of positivism also believes that the reality in which everything exists is stable in nature and it can be articulated from an objective point of view (Guba and Lincoln, 2005; City University of Hong Kong, 2011). A researcher believing in positivism philosophy believes that it is sensible to colle cting statistical information and thus considers quantitative methodology. On the other hand, according to Hinkel (2005) a researcher who believes in interpretivism philosophy or phenomenological philosophy deems that the behaviour of the human being is the outcome of their perception about the circumstances (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009; Wimmer & Dominick, 2011). Interpretivism encompasses a number of specific and focused movements which facilitates a detailed study since the collection of data moves beyond the predetermined categories that are present in deductive research approach (Cooper, 2012, p. 17). For this method of research a strong insight and potential to reflection is necessary for curving out important patterns of information from â€Å"a body of observations† (Babbie, 2010, p. 51). An interpretivist tries to gain in-depth insights interpretation and perception about the people and how they see the world around us. They believe that instead of collecting statistical information about the subject of concern, it is judicious to collect in-depth views of the participants. As a result of that, researchers who believe in interpretivism philosophy consider qualitative research to address the area of concern. This study is aimed to evaluate the impact of adopting a German software franchise in Bulgaria and thus it requires collection of qualitative data, hence interpretivism philosophy is appropriate for the study. Research Approach Generally two methods are used for conducting the research and establish the reasoning behind why such approach of research has been adopted. These two approaches of research are the inductive approach and the deductive approach. These two research paradigms follow two different approaches towards research and several researchers have discussed these approaches in light of different perspectives (Hussey and Hussey, 1997; Bryman and Bell, 2007; Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2010; Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2009). Ded uctive Research Deductive research refers to an approach to research in which the researcher chooses a theoretical assumption to test it through the process of research and establish its validity. The researcher begins her task by studying the theory. Then she generates a hypothesis

Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System Case Study

Denver International Airport Baggage Handling System - Case Study Example The construction by the Denver International Airport baggage-handling system began in 1991 and completed in 1994. The project faced numerous challenges in the course of its implementation leading to the delay of the opening of the Denver international airport by sixteen months. Implementation of the project failed due to software, mechanical and electrical difficulties in its operation. This study aims at enumerating the various issues, management decisions and the consequences of the decisions in the construction of the Denver International Airport baggage-handling system. Major influences The major influence for the construction of the Denver International Airport baggage-handling system was the political scenario in Denver. Mayoral election at Denver was a significant influence in the construction of the Denver International Airport baggage-handling system, as the business community made Pena and Tooley sign agreement for the development of the airport. The need to, please the pub lic made Pena, the winner of the election; lead activities for the erection of a new airport in Denver. The other influence for the construction of Denver International Airport baggage-handling system was the lackluster economic performance leading to the need to ignite economic development. Economic development necessitated increased investments to aid against economic free-fall. This was through infrastructural development by issue of bonds by the Denver city municipality. Another influence for the Denver International Airport baggage-handling system construction was the congestion in the Stapleton airport, favorable geographical local as air transport hub and need to cater for increased air transport in the region. Circumstances Various circumstances led to the need for an airport with an efficient baggage handling at Denver. The circumstance that led to the need was increased tourism, oil, and real estate industries in the region. This led to operational inefficiency at the Stap leton airport because it limited the Denver’s access to business people. Congestion and traffic delays at the Stapleton airport were the reason for improvement in the airport or another airport to ease the congestion. Attractiveness of Denver as an airline hub destination due to its geographical location and increased population was also the reason for the need of a new airport with an efficient baggage handling system. These circumstances led to the construction of Denver Airport and culminated in the construction of the Denver International airport baggage-handling system. Issues faced by the BAE Automated Systems: Denver International Airport Baggage handling system 1.0 Planning The planning of the baggage handling

The conservation management of Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus Essay

The conservation management of Coquerel's sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) in Madagascar. Is conservation action carried out for Coquerel's sifaka successful - Essay Example This has been attributed to depreciation in its natural habitat due to invasion of man in the forests. Fires caused by nature and man are a menace to the animal since it derives its upkeep from the very vegetation and forest that is destroyed in the process. Hunting is another threat that is posed to the species as the human populations continue to rise. The government in the island has several Nature Reserves and special reserves in place so as to conserve the most endangered ecological habitats. The two significant National Parks where these primates can be found are the Ankarafantsika National Park and the Bora Special Reserve (Wallis, 1997). Communities have also been involved in the task of trying to protect the lemurs. They have been educated on the special needs and behaviors of Coquerels Sifaka and how to coexist peacefully with them. There are various proposals by the Malagasy government that are aimed at putting structures in place to help identify the most viable and practical ways of conservation. This has led to the establishment of data pools containing information on various species, their habitats, and behaviors. In addition, the public is made aware of various development strategies instigated for those animals that may be caught. Key collaborations have been instrumental in ensuring that conservation efforts are sustained on a long term basis. This was evident in the1986 Government Conference that focused on the conservation of the diverse ecosystems present in Madagascar by devising new and effective management systems. In addition, there was a project plan in 1986 to investigate the protected areas, and come up with ways of better enhancing their rich biodiversity (Richard, 1978). The Coquerels Sifaka can be said to survive longer with the passing of generations if the above efforts continue. However, it has been reported that hunting has been in the extreme in Ankarafantsika for this

Brief Introduction Of Intercultural Business Communication Commerce Essay

Brief Introduction Of Intercultural Business Communication Commerce Essay At present, the world is illustrated as a place where people belonging to different cultural backgrounds interact with each other to have effective communication do that they can exchange their ideas, thoughts and feelings (Bhardawaj, 2010). The communication between individuals can occur in various areas such as science, education, entertainment, tourism, immigration, mass media and business. In order to have constructive communication, it is mandatory that all forms of misunderstandings and breakdowns are completely removed from the system. It has been stated by Martin and Nakayama (2007) that the latest trend in the business world is of globalisation and many companies are expanding their operations outside their regional boundaries to enhance their presence in different international markets. According to Lewis (2008), the swift increase in the globalisation of businesses has mandated the corporations to develop an understanding about the intercultural business communication methods, techniques and theories so that the organisations can overcome the prospective hurdles in their international businesses. All the experts who are working in the field of multicultural environment require guidance on developing a work environment that is conducive for their entire workforce; the researchers belonging to the fields of cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology and applied linguistics have studied various factors to demonstrate the importance of various cultures knowledge and their implications on conducting effective intercultural business communication (Bowie, 2008; Chaney Martin, 2011; Zang Zhou, 2008). When the businesses have adequate understanding about the cultures and differing aspects of various countries, there is a high probability that there are positive interactions among people and cordial and effective business relationships are developed (Jameson, 2007; Lewis, 2005). The main concern for every organisation operating in international regions is to develop an understanding about the culture, values, norms and attitudes of each area of operation so that there are less chances of the misinterpretation of communication. In order to provide guidance to the organisations that are engaged in the globalisation processes, the researchers have studied the cultural contexts of distinct nations and have provided in-depth insights about the intercultural business communication (Espinar, 2010), working cultures (Forey Lockwood, 2010), work behaviours (Bowey Thill, 2010), work etiquettes (Okoro, 2012), language barriers and subcultures present in the organisation (Zang Zhou, 2008). Intercultural Business Communication in the light of various researches According to Reynolds and Valentine (2011), intercultural communication takes place when people belonging to diverse ethnical backgrounds share and discuss their ideas and tasks in a language that is different from their native language. As the globalisation of businesses has been increasing, the productive intercultural business communication is vital for appropriate performance of the organisation. A successful and effective intercultural communication is one that is simple, frequent and effective along with demonstrating respect to the cultural viewpoints of everyone working within the business premises (Crate Fox, 2008). Since intercultural business communication is an important area of study, many researchers have studied the concept from varying angles have classified them into three main approaches i.e. positivist approach, humanistic approach and systemic approach. The first person who coined the term intercultural business communication was Edward Hall who emphasized the importance of this concept in his work The Silent Language in 1959. Halls high-low context of culture and Hofstedes national culture were the major contributors in the field of intercultural communication. Halls theory (1959) helped many researchers to study context of the culture in determining the contrasting communication patterns among the individuals from low and high context cultures. On the other hand, Hoftstede (1980) limited his studies on the national culture that created difficulty in comparison among various cultural methods and styles of communication. Samovar, Porter and McDaniel (2011) stated that the cultural studies further investigated the communication and cultural systems in distinctive nations, countries and cultures; while, in the negotiation studies, intercultural thinking was incorporated by Ting-Tommey (1988) who stressed the importance of understanding negotiation skills in the international business contexts. In the intercultural business communication, other factors such as non-verbal behaviour, emotional factors and gestures (facial expressions) were added to understand their role in the communication exchange proficiency within the organisation. Some researchers are of the opinion that although Hofstede primarily studied the cultural differences associated with the nationality element but for various practical reasons, culture has strong association with a country of origin and it should be incorporated in understanding the business problems, issues and strategies (Beebe, Beebe Redmond, 2011). According to Asante and Gudykunst (1989), cited by Reynolds and Valentine (2011), the individual variable should not be overlooked because a lot of times people react or communicate in a particular way on the basis of their own perceptions and beliefs which can be totally different from the culture to which a person is related. As the cultures are heterogeneous, other components besides the national factor need to be considered to understand the individuals perception about business communication. Hence, it is vital for the businesses to understand the individual nature of each act of communication to avoid any kind of misinterpretation or confusion that can impact the business operations. Validity and reliability of the article After careful analysis and evaluation of the article, it can be concluded that it has highlighted all important elements that are vital for the development and implementation of an effective intercultural business communication. In order to avoid problems in the communication processes, there is a drastic shift in doing extensive research about the culture and other attributes of each nation to gather sufficient information about that respective country. With an in-depth understanding about the business culture and communication processes along with individual behaviours towards different modes of communication, an organisation can take proactive steps of countering them within its potential international destination. Recently, all the organisations have mandated the need of training their staff to work in the business environment so that they can incorporate the cultural values and intercultural communication process that will help them in achieving their desired targets in the global businesses. It has been rightly stated by the author of the article that both verbal (language) and non-verbal (gestures, facial expressions, acts of socializing) communication are important for understanding the intercultural business communication in an organisation. Hence, globalisation has made it vital for every Multi-national Corporation to modify its operations in international destinations in accordance with the culture and business etiquettes of the respective nation. Task # 2 Business Etiquette and its importance in international business communication International Business Communication and Business Etiquettes In todays world, every organisation is expanding its business operations globally and this expanding scope of the corporations in the current decade is drawing attention of the researchers to study the importance of business etiquettes in international businesses (Bowee Thill, 2010). With the advent of global economy i.e. globalisation, consumers are more aware of the environment, an organisations business operations have to deal with new rules and standards for effective production processes and even expansion in the interdependency of achieving economies of scale on international level (Chaney Martin, 2011). Almost all of the Multi-national corporations are exploiting the opportunities available for them globally and are demonstrating their sensitivity to the cultural differences so that they can successfully prosper as an international enterprise. The studies of some researchers have shown that some organisations have been successful in their international operations (Forey Lockwood, 2010; Okoro, 2012), while, others had to face survival problems either because of cultural imperialism or improper acculturation of their expert managers on the international level. According to Espinar (2010), the success of global business is heavily dependent on their ability of developing adequate understanding about the cross-cultural etiquettes and diversity management among global workforce. On the other hand, Samovar, Porter and McDaniel (2010) emphasized that training is mandatory for the global managers so that they are equipped with the interpersonal communication skills, relationship building skills along with group communication competencies. The managers must have excellent negotiation skills of cross-culture level so that they can maintain their global competitiveness. In order to achieve the business goals successfully in global businesses, the cross-cultural business etiquettes are important for effective international business communication (Hooker, 2008). Implications of Business Etiquettes in International Business Communication In order to manage the global businesses effectively, it has become mandatory for the international corporations to understand the business etiquettes of each nation as there is a huge variation in the working behaviour. The business etiquettes are developed on the basis of culture that is prevalent among the individuals and society as a whole; the researchers are studying culture of other countries to develop an understanding about their role in international business communication. For instance, during a business conversation, in U.S. making an eye contact is considered to be a business etiquette; while, in Japan, eye contact is considered as a misbehaviour (Okoro, 2012). According to Deresky (2010), the managers working in global corporations have to acquire effective skills for strategic negotiations and intercultural exchange so that the targeted goals can be achieved and a positive impression is created on the people. The studies have shown that both decision-making and negotiation processes have to be culture-specific and they should ensure that an extensive detailed analysis of understanding, reciprocity and sensitivity is conducted so that all complications in the business operations are addressed beforehand (Bharadwaj, 2010; Forey Lockwood, 2010; Jameson, 2007). As the workforce in global organisations is diverse, the managers have to learn the complexities that are associated with the cultural values and norms (Lewis, 2008). The researchers of intercultural business communication field have emphasized the importance of understanding the importance of business etiquettes in global workplaces to sustain the competitive edge in the market. It is vital for every organisation to understand that they will have to tolerate some behaviour that is unaccepted by them because these behaviours are an integral part of the business environment of that country. According to Martin and Nakayama (2007), in high-context cultures like Japan meaning is interpreted by way of non-verbal communication such as body language, rephrasing of the words, pauses and meetings; while, in U.S. which is also a high-context culture, meaning is conveyed by means of verbal communication such as spoken words. When mixed messages are communicated to the people, it can create feeling of discomfort and international managers will have to struggle in reconciling the inconsistencies; such situations can be avoided by following the right business etiquettes applicable within that country. For example, in China and some parts of Africa, having a direct eye contact while talking is considered rude and inappropriate; on the other hand, in US, making direct eye contact is mandatory and it is interpreted as demonstration of reliability, honesty and trustworthiness. In India, this act is viewed as disrespect and hostility especially when people communicate with elders (Chaney Martin, 2011). The business etiquette in Great Britain has its basis on the strong sense of nationalism and identity. The businessmen tend to be very detail oriented and have high importance for their traditions and customs; they are reserved and expect everyone to act in this way. However, U.S. businessmen tend to be frank and believe in developing friendly and cordial relations with everyone working in their organisation (Espinar, 2010). For British business people, professionalism and adherence to the ethical code of business practice are important factors of their business etiquettes; while, US business people prefer to have casual relationship within the business premises. The business etiquettes in Germany have their foundation on the formal culture of the country and ensure that the behavioural expectations are provided with great details so that the participants have understanding about the way of doing things. The German businessmen respect hierarchical differences and believe in authoritative style of business; they have high preference for hierarchical organisational structure and want to avoid any kind of uncertainty. The communication within the organisation is formal and increased focus is on achievements on personal level, directness and truth (Okoro, 2012). Conclusion As the business organizations are expanding globally, it has become vital for them to maintain their global competitiveness by managing the differences in the culture, developing effective intercultural business communication mediums and training the managers to equip themselves with cross-cultural decision-making and negotiation skills. The success or failure of an organization in managing such a diverse workforce that has people from various cultural backgrounds is largely depended on the managers ability of communicating effectively with everyone within the organization. Although the international businesses have been growing because of rise in globalization and they are largely driven by the advancements in the field of technology and opportunities in economic interdependencies but the success of these businesses is largely impacted by the intellectual skills of the managers to understand the business etiquettes, values and customs that are required for conducting the business among nations. With good understanding about the cultures and business etiquettes, global companies will be able to implement proper international business communication processes which will help them in sustaining their position in the global market.

Robert Frost :: essays research papers

Robert Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco. His father was William Frost, a Harvard graduate who was on his way westward when he stopped to teach at Bucknell Academy in Pennsylvania for extra money. His mother, Isabelle Moodie began teaching math at Bucknell while William was there, and they got married and moved to San Francisco. They were constantly changing houses, and William went from job to job as a journalist. About a year after moving to San Francisco, they had Robert. They named him Robert Lee Frost, after William's childhood hero, Robert E. Lee. Frost's father died from tuberculosis at age thirty-four, in 1885. Isabelle took Robert and his sister back east to Massachusetts. Soon they moved to Salem, New Hampshire, where there was a teaching opening. Robert began to go to school and sit in on his mother’s classes. He soon learned to love language, and eventually went to Lawrence High School, where he wrote the words to the school hymn, and graduated as c o-valedictorian. Frost read rabidly of Dickens, Tennyson, Longfellow, and many others. Frost was then sent to Dartmouth college by his controlling grandfather, who saw it as the proper place for him to train to become a businessman. Frost read even more in college, and learned that he loved poetry. His poetry had little success getting published, and he had to work various jobs to make a living, such as a shoemaker, a country schoolteacher, and a farmer. In 1912 Frost gave up his teaching job, sold his farm, and moved to England. He received aid from poets suck as Edward Thomas and Rupert Brooke, and published his first two volumes of poetry, A Boy's Will in 1913, and North of Boston in 1914. These works were well received not only in England, but also in America. Frost returned to America in 1915 and continued writing his poetry. He produced many volumes of poetry, among which are Mountain Interval (1916), West-Running Brook (1928), A Further Range (1936), A Masque of Reason (1945) , and In the Clearing (1962). Frost received the Pulitzer Prize for poetry four times (1924, 1931, 1937, 1943) and became the first poet to read a poem at the presidential inauguration of John F. Kennedy. His poetry was based mainly on life and scenery in rural New England, and reflected many values of American society.

Communication Barriers Essay

â€Å"So the whole war is because we can’t talk to each other,† Orson Scott Card. Ineffective communication is a major risk when working in health care. Both speaker and listener need to be in agreement about the message transmitted between each other. There are many factors that influence the way we communicate, and the intended message may not be understood. A person’s gender, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity, age, culture, language, economic status, stereotypes, regional differences and noise are several barriers to effective communication. For communication to be effective, everyone needs to be responsible for clear communication, endeavoring to send and receive clear messages with as little distortion as possible. What is communication? Communication is a process involving several steps, among two or more people, for the primary purpose of exchanging information. It takes place when people interact in both verbal and nonverbal conversations. To get the point across to a person that is going to be involved in the conversation the information must pass through various channels. There are different steps required to get any information across. The first step is to transmit your idea or message. This begins with the source or the originator of an idea. The source takes this idea and puts it into a code and then transmits this message through a channel. The channel is a means by which the message is expressed, and there is a variety of channels that can be used. Various channels include phone, face to face, text messages, emails, and even Twitter. Next the receiver takes the message and interprets the code, or decodes it. Once this is done the receiver responds or gives feedback. The message or code can be misinterpreted due to noise or barriers.  Communication barrier is what makes communication complex, difficult, and sometimes frustrating. Communication barriers can have a large impact on getting the message across. People tend to erect barriers hindering their ability to  communicate. Physical barriers are defined as the specific area of transmission of communication. There are various kinds of physical barriers like the presence of closed office doors, separator screens, specified cabins, cubes, workstations, sections for people of different status and task or anything that physically separates people from one another. In organizations, physical barriers can be effective in the overall spread of the message. With a variety of checks and a strong platform, they can avoid encroachment of strangers and create cohesive teams.  Emotional barriers are related to the emotions of both the source and receiver. A person’s emotions can have a great effect on their message. When various emotions are involved, the message could be no more than an emotional outburst. People will focus on these emotions rather than focus on the message. The challenge is to examine and evaluate emotional barriers in communication and focus on what the other person is saying. Cultural barriers are created when people of a different culture communicate. When they communicate there is a tendency to share less information than those of our cultural heritage. Translating messages into words and behaviors is based on a person’s cultural background and is not the same for each person. Culture is a combination of various formative influences placed on us as we grow up. The major factors in this development of culture are religion, caste, creed, nationality, social status, values, beliefs and many such elements. Cultural elements have their big role to play when a person participates in communication. When someone becomes a part of a group and become attached to it, sooner or later, they get adapted to that group in terms of the cultural code of the group. Intercultural communication occurs when people who have different cultural traditions start a conversation. In order for you to have an error-free communication, you need to study and understand the cu ltural differences of your receiver as well. Technological advancements have made the communication process far more speedy, accurate and smooth. The development of smart phones and computers has made communication more comfortably accessible. All business practitioners and modern managers understand the importance of multidimensional moving of communication at multi-location stations traveling through innumerous ways of channels and mediums. In the  circumstances, when the whole social-networking and business functioning depends on technological tools of communication, it becomes highly significant to operate these tools ensuring that they 14 The IUP Journal of Soft Skills, Vol. VI, No. 3, 2012 are error-free. On the contrary, devices are electronic systems and they keep facing errors now and then, causing unpredictable communication errors in terms of its delivery to the desired end. Sometimes even the accuracy of these gadgets is questioned. The more we depend on these technological tools, the higher the chances are of getting error harms involved in the process. Sometimes, poor signals or unreceivable frequency of the transmitted messages cause trouble in getting those downloaded or decoded, resulting and leading to the failure of accurate message delivery, and sometimes it becomes tougher to ensure even its partial delivery to anyhow run the activity. Devices like cell phones, Internet and various other technological applications keep facing such errors depriving us of comfortable transaction and transmission of messages. Such system failures and its non-competing performance as desired by the sender or receiver lead to technological noises. The world of language is full of variety and pleasing choices. In a country of various languages like India, language keeps slightly changing every fifty miles. In the southern part of India, organizations prefer the regional language of communication, while this practice is not found in the northern region of India. Language is a highly important tool to describe our opinion, likes and dislikeness, preferences, thoughts, and ideas while communicating. It is always important to ensure that the language of the sender and the receiver is the same for a successful transmission of communication, but most of the time, language proves to be a potential barrier in the course of communication. Gender Barriers Gender has its own specified impact on the pattern of communication. As has been observed by the researchers, a woman uses approximately 25,000 words a day while talking, whereas a man uses around 10,000 words. As per the various medical reports, the speech ability of girls begins far earlier than boys. There are certain things that the girls cannot express due to gender barrier what boys can do and vise versa. The physiognomy of the boy and girl is responsible for language ability differences. The reason for  this lies in the neuronal wiring of a man’s and woman’s brains. The communication model of man remains linear, logical and sectioned, while woman’s expression is a combination of logic and emotion. Normally, during an interaction, woman uses different types of words while explaining any incident, and man uses a different set of words while explaining and describing the same incident. This difference is majorly because of the gender barrier. Interpersonal Barriers Interpersonal barriers comprise differences between the source and the receiver. There may be multiple differences between the encoder and decoder which result either in failure or partial delivery of meaning or content. The success ratio of communication is far higher when the person who communicates and the person who receives it are Comprehensive Modeling of Communication Barriers: A Conceptual Framework 15 on similar wavelength in terms of language, understanding and both ensure alike interpretation of the message in question. The lesser the interpersonal gap, the stronger the chances of communication success. Noise Barrier Noise is an external factor which causes interruption in the flow of communication. There are various types of noises available in the environment blocking the communication flow fully or partially. The major types of noises are discussed in detail in Figure 3. Description of Components of the Model Communication Noise Communication is an intricate process which encompasses various ideal conditions for the message to pass through successfully from the sender to the receiver. The factor of noise is very important, as it has been given due representation in almost all the communication models propounded by various researchers. In communication models, noise interference occurs during the decoding process of messages transmitted over a channel by an encoder. There are many examples of noise, and some major noise problems have been discussed in the comprehensive model of noise barriers in Figure 3. Environmental Noise According to Adler (1991), since we are constantly bombarded with more stimuli than we can absorb and more perceptions than we can keep track of, we only perceive those images that may be meaningful. We group perceived images into familiar categories that help to simplify our environment, which become the basis for our interpretations and allow us to function in an otherwise overly complex world. Environmental noise majorly springs from physical disturbances causing disruptions and creating problems in the smooth flow of communication from one point to another. For example, it is highly difficult to listen or understand the message if the speaker transmits communication from a noisy place like near the loud speaker during party/celebration. Sometimes, it becomes very difficult to respond over the phone or to a person nearby communicating with you if you are at the railway platform or a bus stand as these places are known for high decibels. Physiological Noise Physiological reasons are also effective noise barriers in the communication process. In this category, biological reasons like physical maladies that prevent effective communication, such as actual deafness or blindness are also taken into account. Sometimes intricate problems in clear utterance also cause physiological barriers in the process of communication. In this category, all those physical deficiencies or impairment causing obstruction to clear and smooth flow of communication are taken into account. Psychological Noise The psychology of the source communicator and receiver has its inevitable influence on the process of communication. The final shape of a thought or opinion does undergo structural changes based on the psychology of the person who communicates. The psychology is such an important factor that it sometimes makes the opinion of one person appear differently to the others. Our psychology consists of perception, attitude, vision, experiences, feelings and emotions, including various experiential amalgamations collected from our childhood to adulthood. The psychological metamorphosis is an ongoing process. The communication pattern and the contextual value of it are very much demonstrations of one’s psychology. Similarity of a  psychological approach solves this noise barrier to some extent. Difference in psychology between the sender and receiver magnifies the complexity of psychological noise. Specific mental condition can influence communication. For example, the mood of communicator or receiver naturally influences psychological noise and sometimes severely hampers effective communication. Cultural Noise â€Å"As we are different from others in various areas so is our culture. While language and communication systems are part of the culture, and language has often been used as a proxy for culture, the overlap between language and culture is only partial. For example, Comprehensive Modeling of Communication Barriers: A Conceptual Framework 17 Spanish speakers come from a variety of countries with distinct cultures† (Del Pinal and Singer, 1997). Cultural differences cause cultural noises. Taken-for-granted assumptions most of the time cause misunderstanding. Stereotypical assumptions can be potential contributors of cultural noise. Diversity of culture and cultural background is the mother source of noises of this category. Organizational Noise The most significant activity of any organization is a constant flow of communication in multi-directed locations internally and externally. Communication is a constant happening in organizations in various structures, formats and modes channelized at various hierarchical levels. The possibility of lapses in communication always remains very high and needs to be given due care and attention through continuous monitoring. The most common directional flow of communication in the organization is upward and downward. But the horizontal flow is also the integral part of the process. In the cross-functional movement of communication, the poorly structured messages do create a lot of troubles. If a message is poorly crafted by the higher-ups, it might create confusion and improper decoding of the intended meaning. Such types of instances are considered as organizational noise. Syntactical Noise Grammar of any language is the base framework to provide a structure to our  thoughts and expressions. But converting thoughts at a fast pace and applying suitable grammatical structure to it and ensuring correctness while speedily interacting and exchanging sentences, whether verbal or written, may be difficult at times. Molding thoughts into sentences and at once following the appropriate grammatical pattern is a very intricate process, and sometimes the user of a language does not have the efficiency or dexterity required to do so effectively. For example, when any incident is described by a communicator, he might commit mistakes in altering tenses at a fast pace, which results in syntactical noise. Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, leading to syntactical noise. Semantic Noise Most of the times, words have more than one meaning. The context of the interaction also prefixes the preciseness of the meaning of a particular word. Each one of us, as a communicator, has got his own style of using different words in different contexts. Sometimes the meaning of a word is presumed but it is not the intended meaning. Adler (1991) commented that â€Å"misinterpretation can be caused by inaccurate perceptions of a person or situation that arise when what actually exists is not seen. It can be caused by an inaccurate interpretation of what is seen; that is, by using my meanings to make sense out of your reality†. Thus, the variety of interpretations causes semantic noise in the communication process. 18 The IUP Journal of Soft Skills, Vol. VI, No. 3, 2012 Conclusion Communication is an integral and underlying element in any relation, whether personal, social, professional, global or business. Communication is the key factor that helps any business to progress substantially. The advent of new technologies has ensured the availability of efficient tools of communication through which the percolation of message, sending and receiving, has become much faster. Even then, dependence on electronic gadgets begets new system errors, either haulting the communication process or transmitting it inaccurately or after much delay. There are innumerable factors which may disrupt the communication flow, and these disruptions are known as potential barriers or various types of noises causing unexpected interruptions. The models displayed in the paper are rich resources to  monitor the active zones where the barriers might occur and can cause difficulty in the delivery of the message intended. The proposed models describe the barriers in the overall communication process and the respective points at which the probabilities of such disruptions are higher. No doubt, the barriers create complexity, difficulty and interruptions in communication, but the suggested model will naturally help in understanding such undesired occurrences. The conceptual framework does provide an exhaustive understanding of such complex situations caused by barriers and noises and shows how to remove them from the path of communication flow to enjoy constant and accurate flow of communication from one to another or many. Hahn Gail (2007), The Communication Coach II, Coloring Outside the Lines. Palazzolo Sam (September 2008), â€Å"Influential Communication†, available at http:/ /findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5286/is_20080901/ai_n28118653. Accessed on November 1, 2014 . Sanchez Nick (September 2008), â€Å"Communications Process†, available at http:// web.njit.edu/~lipuma/352comproc/comproc.htm. Accessed on November 2, 2014

3 mistakes of my life Essay

1. Review of ‘The3 Mistakes OfMy Life’By- ShubhamBhutada. 2. ï‚›Name Of Book :The 3 mistakesof my lifeï‚›Author :Chetan Bhagatï‚›Publisher : Rupa Booksï‚›Price: `95 3. CharactersIt’s the story about three friendsOmi, Govind and Ishaan. The storyis presented through Govind’seyes and it’s his three mistakes oflife that are presented along.Govind is, interested in coming upon his own in life, through business. 4. Ish is cricket player whose passionlies in playing, teaching andwatching cricket. Omi is a priest‘sson who doesn’t have anyambition of his own and justmoves along with his two friends. 5. Storyï‚› The book is based on real life events.What follows is a mix of cricket,religion, business, love and friendship.ï‚›Story begins with Bhagat receivingan e-mail from Govind who hadtaken many sleeping pill.ï‚›Govind set up Cricket Shop alongwith his friends in the templecompound with Omi’s family’s help. 6. ï‚›The shop prospers as Ishaancoaches young boys in cricket andGovind teaches maths to someboys and Ishaan’ sister Vidya.ï‚›They want to expand business innew mall in city. They select theprime location in mall for their shopand pay the advance. 7. ï‚›Omi’s Bittoo Mama (maternal uncle),a communal party man bent onconverting the young into fighters inthe name of Hinduism and wantsthat these boys should work for theresecular party.ï‚›Ishan then meets Ali, a Muslim childmaster with reflex condition hit eachball for a six but can’t play more thanan over due to weakness. 8. ï‚›They agreed to provide cricketcoaching and maths tuitions free ofcost to Ali. Ali displays the talent whichIshaan never had and Ali’s destinybecomes his own.ï‚›It is the Republic day, earthquakecame in Gujarat. Mall in which theyhad booked shop get fully destroyed.Money invested (`110000) in mall shopturns into first big mistake of Govind. 9. ï‚›They endure great pains to take Aliall the way to Sydney at thesuggestion of one of the Australianplayers. There, Ali is offered acontract on the condition that hehave to become an Australiancitizen is refused by Ali.ï‚›Govind falls in love with Vidya . Thatwas his second big mistake. 10. ï‚›Bittoo Mama sends his son andOmi’s mother with other Sevak toAyodhya. On their return journeyMuslim mob put on fire the bogie ofSevaks. In that Mama lost his son.ï‚›Ahmedabad burns in riot fires.Bittoo mama with his party workerskills Ali’s family. Now mama wantsto kill Ali. 11. ï‚›Omi dies while saving Ali fromMama’s attack.ï‚›Ishaan finds out about Vidya andGovind, a betrayal he does notforgive.ï‚›Govind while protecting Ali formMama make his third mistake. Dueto a second delay a blade ofmama’s trishul jabbed Ali’s Wrist. 12. ï‚›After these events Ishaan not talkwith Govind for more than twoyears. These events lead Govind tohis death-bed and that is when hewrites the email to Chetan. Chetan Bhagat trigger thereconciliation between Ish andGovind, rekindle the love betweenGovind and Vidya & instill in himthe desire to stay alive. 13. Commentï‚›Content: The Three Mistakes of myLife’ is a story well told. Book hasmany interesting settings andsituation.ï‚›Language: This book is written simplyand has the quality that makes onewant to read the book cover tocover in one sitting. 14. ï‚›Other: None of reason for saving Aliare based on the fact that hes aMuslim, or they save Ali out of anymoral obligation apart from thefact that he is a potentialcricketing great. Chetans notionsof nationalism and patriotism arejust too immature and simplistic. 15. Conclusionï‚›Many times our dreams crash intopieces by unexpected events butwith support from people around, wecan get back on track, focus andrebuild our dreams.ï‚›Life will have many setbacks. Peopleclose to you will hurt you. But youdon’t break it off. You don’t hurtthem more. You try to heal it. 16. Thank You†¦

Rice in Philippine Myths and Legends Essay

Rice in Philippine Myths and Legends Essay Philippine Myths, Legends, Epics History Essay Philippine Myths, Legends, Epics History Essay Legends and myths are not simply basic stories; they contain lessons and ethics that went on from era to era. These stories might likewise incorporate significant recorded information about the way of life of certain individuals or the whole race. The Philippine fables are the wellsprings of the numerous issues of local life. Initially told and retold by the forefathers of long prior, these stories have streamed down to the present through the lips of storytellers and have turned into a key a portion of the nation’s social legacy (Fullmer, 2013). Rice in Philippine Myths and Legends Philippine mythology and old stories incorporate a gathering of stories and superstitions about enchanted animals and substances. Some Filipinos, despite the fact of being intensely westernized, still have confidence in such issues. Philippine mythology and superstitions vary depending on the region. This is because the nation has numerous islands and they are possessed by diverse ethnic gatherings. Then again, certain likenesses exist among these gatherings, for example, the root of rice (Acabado, 2009). Origin of Rice There was a period, numerous years earlier, when rice was not known at all. At that time, the progenitors lived on such products as vegetables, wild animals and birds, which they hunted in the mountains or the timberlands. Working the dirt was still obscure. Likewise, poultry and pig was not yet a piece of their method for living. Since individuals relied upon the nourishment the nature gave, and not what they themselves developed or raised, their stay in one spot was always temporary. At the point when there was nothing more to hunt or gather in a certain place, they would go to another location where there was a lot of sustenance. Therefore, they flowed starting with one place then onto the next (Juanillo 2011). In the beginning of the day, the men set off to the mountains or woods to hunt, while the women and little kids were busy fishing and gathering foods grown from the ground. Following full time work, every single wild creature that had been killed in the chase, and all foods grown from the ground that had been assembled would be divided equally among all the families, which maintained the balance (Juanillo 2011). One day, a group of hunters went out to chase a deer. In their yearning to have a decent prey, the men walked all over until they came to the Cordillera Mountains. Having a long journey, and feeling dead drained, they chose to take a rest under a major tree. It was nearing twelve and every one of them were hungry (Patriarca, 2015). While resting in the shade of the tree, they saw, not far from them, a group of men and women who did not look the same as common people. The hunters understood that they were divine beings and goddesses who lived in that partof the mountain. At the same time the men stood up and gave the gods due admiration. The divine beings were happy of this signal. Consequently, they invited the hunters to have a dinner with them (Juanillo 2011). The men helped to cook the dinner. They butchered the deer and a wild pig, and afterward set them over the hot coals. In a brief time, a worker of the divine beings got a few bamboos and set them over the fire. The bamboos contained little white pieces formed like dabs. Before long, the cooked bits were set in saucer-molded banana leaves (Juanillo 2011). The table weighed down with simmered meat, cooked vegetables, and new natural products. Different bamboos were gotten and these contained what looked like immaculate water (Patriarca, 2015). The hunters soon discovered that the precious substance was not water, yet rather, the wine of the bathalas (Fullmer, 2013). To begin with, the men were hesitant to join the gala as they saw the little white parts. We dont eat worms, the boss hunter said. The bathalas grinned. These white dot-molded portions are not worms, answered one of the divine beings. They are cooked rice. They originated from a special sort of plant, which we ourselves develop. Come and eat with us. After the god had talked, the seekers did not resist any longer. They ate with the divine beings. They were satisfied and glad, because they had been bolstered as well as in light of the vitality: they felt in the wake of eating cooked rice. Their powerless bodies became solid once more (Fullmer, 2013). After the blowout, the hunters expressed gratitude to the divine beings. Before leaving, each hunter got a sack of palay from gods. This is palay, clarified one more of the divine beings. Pound the palay, winnow and clean it exceptionally well. Wash the rice with water and place the washed rice between the pieces of the bamboo with enough water to be consumed by the rice. At that point, put the bamboo over the flame until it is cooked. The god delayed for some time. At that point he kept on talking. The wiped out will get to be solid and every one of you will be fulfilled in the wake of eating. Safeguard a portion of the palay for your seedbed. The divine beings exhorted the hunters to begin planting amid the blustery season. Amid the dry season, they could collect the palay. The gods then advised the men to present the palay in their town and show the general population how to till the dirt. You will discover advancement, and this will prevent you from meandering from spot to spot(F ullmer, 2013). The hunters expressed gratitude to the divine beings again. At that point, they set off for their town. They followed the guidance of gods. They taught their own kin how to till the dirt and plant rice. They also taught their kindred villagers how to cook rice. Obviously, they presented the eating of cooked rice to the general population. After numerous years, the act of eating rice and the craft of its planting have to be far reaching. Numerous different barangays soon embraced the practice and skill. From that time forth, rice has turned into an essential sustenance of our kin. Likewise, alongside the working of the dirt, our kin have figured out how to raise creatures and to build changeless abodes (Fullmer, 2013). Rice Farming and Rituals In the long time past days, starvation was prominent in the Philistines. The frantic individuals entreated their goddess to spare them. Moved by compassion, the goddess slid to the earth. The area was dried off with dry spell, with just a couple of strong weeds on the ground. The goddess uncovered her chest and poured milk into every desolate ear of the weeds. When her milk ran out and she saw that there were still vacant ears, she requested that the sky gave her more drain. On the other hand, when she squeezed her chest once more, just blood turned out. When she was done, she then twisted low over the plants and begged them to prosper and encourage her once more (Haban, 2009). Among the World Heritage destinations in the Philippines, the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras have such an effective vicinity, to the point that makes them a standout amongst the most extraordinary spots in the nation. Lying high in the Cordillera Mountain, their setting cannot be duplicated anywhere in the swamp tropical scene or even anywhere on the planet. Weeks passed and the weeds developed and turned out to be full of grain. At the point when the general population collected the stalks and beat them open, a few grains were as white as the goddess milk while some were as red as her blood. The general population cooked the grains and discovered them nourishing. Cheering, for finally they have got sustenance, the people offered gratitude to the goddess as they re-planted and collected this weed, which is what is presently known as rice (Russel, 1920). Birthplace myths propose this was essentially found through experience to manage nourishment sources, particularly in light of catastrophes, for example, dry spell and plagues and cholera. The general rule and procedure of terracing was exhibited in custom myths, however the strategies were created through time and by the involvement of the perfect mediation of Ifugao progenitors. In their progenitor-incited dreams a few aptitudes, have been created by the Ifugaos for their rice terracing custom. A few ceremonies have been produced by the Ifugaos that deify their precursors in their rice terracing convention. It is trusted that the custom myths presented in rice ceremonies frame its establishment (Acabado, 2009). Researchers believe, inclines have been terraced and planted with rice as far back as 2,000 years. Mountains terraced into paddies that still make due in shifting conditions of protections are spread over area range (7 percent of the aggregate area regions of the Philippine archipelago) that is in the northern Luzon regions of Kalinga-Apayao, Abra, Benguet and Ifugao. The implausible site is found at heights differing from 700 to 1,500 meters above ocean level, where porches are cut into mountain inclines with forms that ascent steeply (Madigan, 1964). Presence in the Cordillera unites man with nature, and the unparalleled perspective shows how man has formed the scene to permit him develop rice. The sheer beauty of the patios imparts uniqueness and quality. Other than wind and stirring leaves, there is additionally the consistent sound of water streaming downhill on the waterways that flood the patios. There is nobleness in society and environment communicated by the ageless peacefulness of the porches. Most Filipinos view the porches as their most noteworthy national image (Russel, 1920). The starting points and age of the Ifugao rice patios in the Philippine Cordillera keep on inciting interest and creative ability in scholastic and prominent civil arguments. For Southeast Asian researchers, dating these patios is basic for comprehension of Philippine ancient times and Southeast Asian designs even more largely. Past the insightful group, the terraced Ifugao scene has caught the worlds creative ability as an imperative social scene. To date on the other hand, lacking work has been embraced to decide either when the porches were initially built or the period included in building this layered scene (Acabado, 2009). The Ifugao are one of a few minority ethno semantic gatherings in the northern Philippines, and one of the best recorded by ethno noteworthy and anthropological researchers. At the turn of the twentieth century, two unmistakable figures in Philippine humanities started an escalated examination of the Ifugao. Researchers proposed a 2000-3000 year old cause for the Ifugao rice patios, utilizing perceptions and subjective theories on to what extent it would have taken the Ifugao to alter the tough geology of the region. This long history has turned into a sort of got insight that discovers its way into course books and national histories (Acabado, 2009). The slick positions of level topped lake fields have likewise been called a stairway to the sky – a similitude that summons the legendary starting points of the local rice assortments developed in the range. As indicated by conventional stories, these extraordinary sorts of rice were given to the Ifugao individuals by the divine forces of Kabunyan, the Skyworld. In return, the Ifugao individuals demonstrated the Skygods the mystery of cooking with flame. By and by, the sweet-smelling rice from the Skyworld accompanied conditions appended. The Ifugao needed to guarantee that they would obediently perform a few customs that would shield the rice plants from vermin and sicknesses and guarantee plentiful harvests (Russel, 1920). At the other side of the range, a few researchers have proposed a later starting point of the Ifugao rice porches. Utilizing confirmation from lexical data and ethno memorable records, these studies recommend that the terraced scenes of the Ifugao are the deciding consequence of populace venture into the Cordillera good countries in light of Spanish colonization. Swamp mountain contacts are known even before the Spanish landing. These contacts may have encouraged the development of swamp people groups to the good countries when the Spanish set up bases in their districts (Russel, 1920). The Ifugao Rice Terraces, which take after the characteristic forms of the mountains, just improve the districts rough normal excellence. They additionally exemplify a consonant, practical relationship in the middle of people and their surroundings. These fields, and the learning to cultivate and support them, have been gone down from era to era for a considerable length of time. The structures unique developers utilized stone and mud dividers to painstakingly cut and build porches that could hold overwhelmed lake fields for the development of rice. They also settled a framework to water these plots by collecting water from peak woods. These inconceivable designing accomplishments were finished by hand as seemed to be (and is) the cultivating itself. The rice porches have long been a key to the survival of the Ifugao people, yet they additionally involved a focal significance inside of their way of life. Whole groups participate in repetitive, occasional frameworks of planting and co ntrol (Kokemuller, 2015). Today, the Ifugao rehearse a mix of wet-rice terraced cultivating and swiddening. This agrarian framework is critical in the customary association of their public. The first class (kadangyan) own the wet-terraced rice fields, while the least social class (nawatwat) owned the dry rice fields. The burden of the pilgrim period corrupted the relationship between the kadangyan and the nawatwat. Beforehand, the kadangyan had colossal social impact in Ifugao society: they settled on the Programs for patio building, upkeep, and ceremonies. With the osmosis of the Ifugao by more extensive swamp Philippine society, this social element has subsequently changed. It likewise has significant ramifications in the support and preservation of these structures (Acabado, 2009). Determining the vestige of the whole Cordillera terraced field custom requires archeological work to figure out if the customary long history or the revisionist short history even more precisely speaks to the word related history of this area. Such work requires many years of examination in distinctive territories over the bumpy district, starting with regions inside Ifugao area (Russel, 1920). Late archeological and ethno-authentic examination gives occasion to feel qualms about this conviction. To tell the truth, the patios seem, by all accounts, to be around 450 years of age (PDF). This implies they date from a period when Spanish colonizers of the Philippines were first infiltrating into the inside of northern Luzon. This timing recommends that the well-known patios may be a result of the pilgrim experience: as the Ifugaos attempted to separate themselves from the Spanish danger, they withdrew from low-lying locales into mountain shelters. The number of inhabitants in the mountain zones developed, and interest for sustenance expanded, so the Ifugaos opened up new rural patios on ever more elevated valley slants (Kokemuller, 2015). The customary arrangement of the rustic individuals of Misamis Oriental and the northern portion of Bukidnon Province reaches out to all parts of life. The family relationship complex, the obligation reimbursement complex, and the soul world complex tie the customs in continuing manner into the way of life of the territory. The main custom among the ordinarily rehearsed nourishment creation ceremonies is the harvest custom. This comprises the essentials of a soul feast at which suitable vocal supplications to God and to the spirits arepronounced. Since the commitment of offering the supper is accepted to be grave, most ranch families deliberately satisfy it every year. Answers for the peaceful issues raised by the presence and routine of the customs by Catholics are not liable to be found in forbidding their execution by Catholics, yet in further investigation of the nature and elements of the ceremonies (Madigan, 1964). A portion of the Ibaloys rice-planting service is the custom describing a birthplace myth about how Kabuniyan of the skyworld got rice from Maseken of the underworld. Kabuniyan tossed a lance at a deer that hopped into dark water; however he hit the top of Masekens home. When he pulled up the lance, there was a stalk of rice connected to it. A low voice from the house under the water blamed him for having stolen Masekens palay or unhusked rice. In the wake of listening to Kabuniyans clarification for the transgression, Maseken taught him to plant the palay in the field and to summon his name at each harvest time (Russel, 1920). Created around the time the Spanish control of the Philippines started in 1565, the Tinikling dance follows its sources to the island of Leyte. The wet atmosphere of the island made it exceptionally suitable for developing products, for example, rice. Agriculturalists and field hands working in the rice paddies had numerous chances to watch the conduct of the tikling fowls that lived in the range as they hunt down sustenance along the field edge. Impersonating the jumping developments at home turned out to be a diverting hobby (Kokemuller, 2015).

The process of leadership is not homogenous in all contexts i.e Essay - 2

The process of leadership is not homogenous in all contexts i.e. industry, country - Essay Example The process of leadership is not homogenous in all contexts i.e. industry, country As the world’s largest beverage market, the size of the U.S carbonated soft drink industry stood at more than $60 billion towards the departure of the twentieth century.The key issue with regards to the American beverage industry is that of the unparalleled level of concentration which is enjoyed by PepsiCo and the Coca-Cola Company within the market. Liu (2012, p. 119) understands that the fundamental characteristics of the carbonate soft drink industry necessitate that competitors should have the capital to launch extensive marketing campaigns, maintain cost-efficiency and invest in technological advancement to successfully compete in the industry. However, the presence of these elements can be categorized as a barrier to entry in the industry as smaller companies do not have the means to approve massive investments. This observation can be identified as one of the key reasons behind the dominance of companies such as PepsiCo and the Coca-Cola Company within the U.S beverage industry. The aspect of competition with regards to the beverage industry is closely linked with the dynamics of the external or macro environment in which the firms operates however, several other features of this environment have the capability to influence organizational activities and managerial decision making. . For example, the harmful effects of carbonated soft drink consumption have often come into question by researchers for promoting health related issues and obesity. In addition to this observation, the U.S beverage industry has also addressed several scandals that have emerged from the very beginning. From the accusation regarding the presence of aborted fetus cells as an ingredient of Pepsi to the alleged presence of chlorine content in Coca-Cola, the multi-billion dollar beverage industry in the United States is marked by a plethora of issues, accusations and critics of the product that it promotes and sells to consumers belonging to every age-group. However, the foc us of these issues is towards addressing the needs of the modern, health-oriented and aware consumers who demand products that can minimize health risks and promote their well-being. Given the dynamics of the U.S beverage industry, it is most appropriate to examine the notion of leadership as an ongoing and comprehensive process. According to Northouse (2010, p. 5); â€Å"The process viewpoint suggests that leadership is a phenomenon that resides in the context of the interactions between leaders and followers and makes leadership available to everyone†. In the present scenario, the foremost challenge of the U.S beverage industry is that of innovation, which in a broader sense is not linked with new product development but the formulation of effective strategies and frameworks that can allow leaders to respond to â€Å"†¦the demand of competitive pressure to fast-changing consumer needs and trends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Isaken and Tidd 2006, p. 265). As stated previously, the b usiness model on which the beverage industry is based on a concept that does not support the presence of small companies who cannot invest in the development of brands in addition with the launch of marketing campaigns to attract a large customer base. Therefore, the beverage industry in the United States is dominated by two key players who engage in fierce competition to deter the absolute dominance of the other. In order to cope with the scale of the industry’s operations and the issues that it faces, the process of leadership is marked by the